Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Triptolide exerts antiviral effects and alleviates influenza A-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the overactivation of absent in melanoma 2 signaling in immune cells

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5829

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of TP on AIM2 signaling, LDH leakage, and pyroptosis in HBEpiCs and THP-1 cells. (A) RT-qPCR analysis revealed that TP treatment did not alter AIM2 mRNA expression in HBEpiCs but markedly reduced AIM2 mRNA levels in THP-1 cells. (B) TP did not affect the LDH leakage rate in HBEpiCs but markedly reduced LDH leakage in THP-1 cells. (C) Dual-fluorescence staining revealed that TP treatment decreased the formation of ASC-AIM2 complexes in THP-1 cells (scale bar, 10 μ m). (D) Western blot analysis indicated that TP treatment did not markedly affect the expression of these proteins in HBEpiCs. (E) TP treatment reduced the protein expression of AIM2, caspase-1, and GSDMD in THP-1 cells. (F) Flow cytometry revealed no difference in cell death between HBEpiCs treated with 20 nM TP and the control. (G) In THP-1 cells infected with H1N1 and treated with 20 nM TP, a significant reduction in cell death was identified compared with that in the H1N1 infection group. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. control. TP, triptolide; AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; H1N1, influenza A; GSDMD, gasdermin D; Con, control.

Article Snippet: After treatment, 50 μ l of the supernatant from each well was transferred to a new plate, and an equal volume of LDH reaction mix from the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Assay Kit (cat. no. E-BC-K046-M; Elabscience Bionovation Inc.) was added.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Fluorescence, Staining, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, Control, Infection, Standard Deviation, Reverse Transcription, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Triptolide exerts antiviral effects and alleviates influenza A-induced pneumonia by inhibiting the overactivation of absent in melanoma 2 signaling in immune cells

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2026.5829

Figure Lengend Snippet: AIM2 overexpression reverses the immunosuppressive effects of TP in THP-1 cells. (A) Transfection with Ad-AIM2 upregulated the expression of AIM2 compared with that of Ad-NC in THP-1 cells. (B) AIM2 protein levels were elevated in THP-1 cells overexpressing AIM2 compared with control THP-1 cells. (C) In THP-1 cells, AIM2 overexpression increased the LDH leakage rate. (D) AIM2 overexpression reversed the TP-induced reduction in adhesion between THP-1 cells and HBEpiCs (scale bar, 10 μ m). (E) AIM2 overexpression enhanced the migration ability of THP-1 cells compared with that of H1N1-treated control cells and reversed the TP-induced decrease in THP-1 cell migration (scale bar, 50 μ m). (F) AIM2 overexpression reversed the TP-induced reduction in inflammatory cytokine levels. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; * P<0.05, ** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 vs. Con; # P<0.05, ## P<0.01, ### P<0.001 vs. Ad-AIM2. AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; TP, triptolide; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; HBEpiCs, human bronchial epithelial cells; H1N1, influenza A; GSDMD, gasdermin D; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; Con, control.

Article Snippet: After treatment, 50 μ l of the supernatant from each well was transferred to a new plate, and an equal volume of LDH reaction mix from the Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Assay Kit (cat. no. E-BC-K046-M; Elabscience Bionovation Inc.) was added.

Techniques: Over Expression, Transfection, Expressing, Control, Migration, Standard Deviation